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Cue-ball scratch -- It is a foul (scratch) if on a stroke the cue ball is pocketed. If the cue ball touches an object ball that was already pocketed (for example, in a pocket full of object balls), the shot is a foul. (Continued below)
Fouls by touching balls -- It is a foul to strike, touch or in any way make contact with the cue ball in play or any object balls in play with anything (the body, clothing, chalk, mechanical bridge, cue shaft, etc.) except the cue tip (while attached to the cue shaft), which may contact the cue ball in the execution of a legal shot. Whenever a referee is presiding over a match, any object ball moved during a standard foul must be returned as closely as possible to its original position as judged by the referee, and the incoming player does not have the option of restoration. Foul by placement -- Touching any object ball with the cue ball while it is in hand is a foul. Fouls by double hits -- If the cue ball is touching the required object ball prior to the shot, the player may shoot toward it, providing that any normal stroke is employed. If the cue stick strikes the cue ball more than once on a shot, or if the cue stick is in contact with the cue ball when or after the cue ball contacts an object ball, the shot is foul. If a third ball is close by, care should be taken not to foul that ball under the first part of this rule. Push-shot fouls -- It is a foul if the cue ball is pushed by the cue tip, with contact being maintained for more than the momentary time commensurate with a stroked shot. (Such shots are usually referred to as push shots.) Player responsibility fouls -- The player is responsible for chalk, bridges, files and any other items or equipment he or she bring to, uses at, or causes to approximate the table. If he or she drops a piece of chalk, or knocks off a mechanical bridge head, as examples, he or she is guilty of a foul should such an object make contact with any ball in play (or the cue ball only, if no referee is presiding over the match). Illegal jumping of ball -- It is a foul if a player strikes the cue ball below center ("digs under" it) and intentionally causes it to rise off the bed of the table in an effort to clear an obstructing ball. Such jumping action may occasionally occur accidentally, and such "jumps" are not to be considered fouls on their face; they may still be ruled foul strokes if, for example, the ferrule or cue shaft makes contact with the cue ball in the course of the shot. Jump shots -- Unless otherwise stated in rules for a specific game, it is legal to cause the cue ball to rise off the bed of the table by elevating the cue stick on the shot, and forcing the cue ball to rebound from the bed of the table. Any miscue when executing a jump shot is a foul.
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